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QUESTION/PROBLEM: Teacher Certification

last updated September 8, 1997





Example queries:

What descriptive information is available about teacher certification tests?

How do I ascertain state requirements for teacher certification testing, as well as registration information?

What is the current status of national teacher certification requirements?


Table of Contents


COMMENTARY

Each state sets its own policies for the licensure and certification of its elementary secondary teachers. The terms "licensure" and "certification" in reference to educational practitioners are commonly and erroneously used interchangeably. Licensure and certification impart different teaching statuses. Licensure, which is typically available provisionally or permanently, merely permits a prospective teacher to teach in the state. Certification is usually sanctioned by a professional organization and indicates that the certificate holder has achieved some desirable level of proficiency. The National Board for Professional Teaching Standards (NBPTS) is an ardent advocate of and leader for the development of rigorous standards for teacher certification; however, adoption of NBPTS standards by the states is voluntary, not mandatory.

For their teacher certification requirements, many states, in lieu of locally-developed mastery tests, rely upon a nationally-normed, standardized test battery that is developed by the Educational Testing Service (ETS). The once widely-used set of ETS teacher certification tests known as the "NTE" (and known formerly as the "National Teacher Examinations") has been replaced largely by a newer battery known as "The Praxis Series: Professional Assessments for Beginning Teachers". Documentation pertaining to both of these batteries, as well as to voluntary national teaching certification standards, are appended below.

[Table of Contents]


INTERNET RESOURCES

ERIC Clearinghouse on Teaching and Teacher Education
This is the clearinghouse within the U.S. Department of Education's Educational Resources Information Center that offers the greatest subject expertise for the topic of teacher licensure and certification. Its sponsor is the:

American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education (AACTE)
AACTE is the premier association for institutions that prepare professional educators.

The National Board for Professional Teaching Standards (NBPTS)
NBPTS describes itself this way: We are establishing high standards for what accomplished teachers should know and be able to do, and we are developing a new system of advanced, voluntary certification for teachers. Our aim is to certify all teachers who meet the standards. [from the NBPTS homepage.]

The Praxis Series Online
This is the index of informational files offered by the test publisher, the Educational Testing Service. This is an excellent resource for many queries pertaining to teacher testing, ranging from state policies that use the Praxis Series to test dates to the logistics of registration.

Schools and Staffing Survey
Teacher certification is one of many teacher characteristics documented in this national survey that is conducted by the National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education.

State Education Agencies
Many states post information regarding their respective teacher licensure requirements on their WWW sites. This set of links to state departments of education, offered by the Council of Chief State School Officers, is a good starting point.

Personnel Evaluation Standards
The Personnel Evaluation Standards, a product of the American Evaluation Association, set forth standards for the Propriety, Utility, Feasibility, and Accuracy of educational personnel evaluation programs and policies.

Personnel Evaluation [Internet Index]
Annotated links for online resources offered by the electronic pathfinder Assessment and Evaluation on the Internet.

[Table of Contents]


ERIC DOCUMENTS CITATIONS

ERIC Documents Citations for Standards for Teacher Certification

  ED398228  SP036880
  Requirements for Certification of Teachers, Counselors, Librarians, 
Administrators for Elementary and Secondary Schools. 61st Edition, 
1996-97.
  Tryneski, John, Ed.
  1996
  245p.; For 60th edition, see SP 036 640.
  ISBN: 0-226-81317-7
  ISSN: 1047-7071
  Available From: University of Chicago Press, 11030 South Langley 
Avenue, Chicago, IL 60628 ($35).
  Document Not Available from EDRS.
  Document Type: BOOK (010)
  This publication offers an update in concise form of pertinent 
information for teachers, administrators, librarians, counselors, and 
other school personnel on certification requirements.  
Recommendations of regional and national associations regarding 
school staff responsibilities and school policies are presented, as 
well as current addresses for sources of information regarding 
teacher applications in the United States and its territories.  
Certification requirements are listed for each of the 50 states and 
the District of Columbia.  An appendix provides the address of the 
state department of education of each state.  (CK)
  Descriptors: Academic Standards; *Administrator Qualifications; 
*Counselor Certification; Elementary Secondary Education; *Librarians; 
*Media Specialists; State Departments of Education; *State Standards; 
*Teacher Certification
  Identifiers: United States


  EJ535322  CE530239
  The Toughest Test.
  Sumner, Anna
  Techniques: Making Education and Career Connections, v71 n9 p28-
31,65 Jan   1997
  ISSN: 1901-210X
  Document Type: POSITION PAPER (120);  JOURNAL ARTICLE (080)
  A middle school technology teacher describes the process of 
obtaining certification from the National Board for Professional 
Teaching Standards, including documentation of professional 
development and service; submission of student work samples and 
videotaped vignettes of teaching and learning; and preparation of an 
unedited videotape of a lesson.  (SK)
  Descriptors: *Standards; *Teacher Certification; *Teacher 
Qualifications; Videotape Recordings; Vocational Education Teachers
  Identifiers: *National Standards


  EJ534075  EA532719
  National Board Certification and the Teaching Profession's 
Commitment to Quality Assurance.
  Bunday, Mary Catherine; Kelly, James A.
  Phi Delta Kappan, v78 n3 p215-19 Nov   1996
  ISSN: 0031-7217
  Document Type: EVALUATIVE REPORT (142);  JOURNAL ARTICLE (080)
  Now a major force in national reform efforts, the National Board 
for Professional Teaching Standards was established in 1987 to set 
high, rigorous standards for what accomplished teachers should know 
and practice and to certify teachers via performance-based 
assessments.  National Board Certification, which complements state 
licensing, helps empower teachers through mentoring and school 
restructuring projects (MLH)
  Descriptors: *Accrediting Agencies; Elementary Secondary Education; 
*Evaluation Criteria; *Standards; *Teacher Certification; *Teacher 
Empowerment
  Identifiers: *National Board for Professional Teaching Standards; 
Quality Assurance; Teacher Leadership


  EJ534074  EA532718
  New Models for State Licensing of Professional Educators.
  Scannell, Marilyn; Wain, Judith
  Phi Delta Kappan, v78 n3 p211-14 Nov   1996
  ISSN: 0031-7217
  Document Type: PROJECT DESCRIPTION (141);  JOURNAL ARTICLE (080)
  Since 1970, 12 states (California, Oregon, Minnesota, Nevada, Iowa, 
Kentucky, Georgia, Indiana, Wyoming, West Virginia, North Dakota, and 
Hawaii) have created autonomous boards directly accountable to 
legislatures to control standards and practices for education 
professionals.  These boards are establishing rigorous academic and 
professional licensing standards.  Minnesota and Indiana standards 
boards are model programs.  (MLH)
  Descriptors: Elementary Secondary Education; *Models; Program 
Descriptions; Role Models; *Standards; *State Licensing Boards; 
*Teacher Certification; *Teacher Education
  Identifiers: *Indiana; *Minnesota; Quality Assurance


  EJ534073  EA532717
  Standards for Teachers: Potential for Improving Practice.
  Ambach, Gordon
  Phi Delta Kappan, v78 n3 p207-10 Nov   1996
  ISSN: 0031-7217
  Document Type: PROJECT DESCRIPTION (141);  JOURNAL ARTICLE (080)
  The Interstate New Teacher Assessment and Support Consortium is 
engaged in a multistate effort to craft model teacher licensing 
standards.  Preparation programs must be redesigned to ensure that 
all candidates have developed a strong foundation of content and 
pedagogical knowledge, can demonstrate this knowledge in practice, 
and have exhibited desired teaching knowledge and skills.  (MLH)
  Descriptors: Beginning Teachers; Educational Change; Elementary 
Secondary Education; *Interstate Programs; *Standards; *State Boards 
of Education; *Teacher Certification; *Teacher Qualifications
  Identifiers: *Interstate New Teacher Assess And Support Consort; 
*Quality Assurance


  ED399727  EC305058
  What Every Special Educator Must Know: The International Standards 
for the Preparation and Certification of Special Education Teachers. 
Second Edition.
  1996
  154p.; For the first edition, see ED 387 958.
  ISBN: 0-86586-287-7
  Available From: Council for Exceptional Children, 1920 Association 
Drive, Reston, VA 20191 (Stock No. R5128R, $14.30 nonmember; $10 
member).
  EDRS Price - MF01/PC07 Plus Postage.
  Document Type: POSITION PAPER (120)
  This document presents revised comprehensive standards and 
guidelines for the preparation and certification of special educators 
and for practice as special educators, developed by the Council for 
Exceptional Children (CEC).  Part 1 provides the CEC's Code of Ethics 
for Professional Practice for Educators of Persons with 
Exceptionalities and CEC's Standards for Professional Practice.  Part 
2 presents the CEC's International Standards for Entry into 
Professional Practice.  Standards for knowledge and skills essential 
for all beginning special education teachers are outlined first, 
followed by knowledge and skills for special education teachers 
working with students with hearing impairments, emotional and 
behavior disorders, gifts or talents, learning disabilities, mental 
retardation and developmental disabilities, visual impairments, and 
physical and health disabilities.  The knowledge and skills needed 
for early childhood programs are also outlined.  Part 3 provides 
guidelines for CEC approval of special education professional 
preparation programs in the same areas.  The items in Parts 2 and 3 
are coded by area, topic, and knowledge or skill in order to provide 
a framework for creating a searchable database of knowledge and 
skills items.  Space is provided next to each item for citing course 
numbers or other descriptions of where the knowledge or skill is 
covered in a curriculum or continuing education program.  (CR)
  Descriptors: Beginning Teachers; Codes of Ethics; *Disabilities; 
Early Childhood Education; Elementary Secondary Education; Inservice 
Teacher Education; *Knowledge Base for Teaching; *Preservice Teacher 
Education; *Special Education Teachers; *Standards; *Teacher 
Certification; Teacher Competencies; Teaching Skills
  Identifiers: *Council For Exceptional Children



  EJ521325  CS751472
  Dear NBPTS: Do We Need another Testing Company?
  Myers, Miles
  Voices from the Middle, v2 n4 p48-53 Nov   1995
  Special issue: National Certification. Published by Natl. Council 
of Teachers of English, 1111 W. Kenyon Rd., Urbana, IL 61801-1096.
  ISSN: 1074-4762
  Document Type: PROJECT DESCRIPTION (141);  POSITION PAPER (120);  
JOURNAL ARTICLE (080)
  Argues that in its testing procedures, announcements of results, 
and methods of review, the National Board for Professional Teaching 
Standards is becoming a testing company when it should be becoming a 
professional certification agency.  Discusses standards-based 
scoring, local certification versus national certification, 
individual applications versus collective development, test results 
versus career steps, and generative norms versus test results.  (SR)
  Descriptors: Elementary Secondary Education; English Teachers; 
*Professional Development; *Standards; *Teacher Certification; 
*Teacher Evaluation; *Teaching (Occupation); Test Results
  Identifiers: *National Board for Professional Teaching Standards


  EJ521323  CS751470
  Some Questions about National Board Certification.
  McDonald-O'Brien, Pat
  Voices from the Middle, v2 n4 p42-44 Nov   1995
  Special issue: National Certification. Published by Natl. Council 
of Teachers of English, 1111 W. Kenyon Rd., Urbana, IL 61801-1096.
  ISSN: 1074-4762
  Document Type: PROJECT DESCRIPTION (141);  POSITION PAPER (120);  
JOURNAL ARTICLE (080)
  Presents the experiences, questions, and concerns of a teacher who 
served as a scoring assessor, evaluating the planning and teaching 
exercises submitted by teachers in the field test for National Board 
Certification in the Early Adolescence/English Language Arts 
Assessment.  (SR)
  Descriptors: Elementary Secondary Education; English Teachers; 
Standards; *Teacher Certification; *Teacher Evaluation; *Teaching 
(Occupation)
  Identifiers: *National Board for Professional Teaching Standards


  EJ521319  CS751466
  A Practical Guide to Teacher Assessments.
  Petrosky, Anthony; Bishop, Ellen
  Voices from the Middle, v2 n4 p30-32 Nov   1995
  Special issue: National Certification. Published by Natl. Council 
of Teachers of English, 1111 W. Kenyon Rd., Urbana, IL 61801-1096.
  ISSN: 1074-4762
  Document Type: POSITION PAPER (120);  JOURNAL ARTICLE (080)
  Sketches three criteria for thinking about an assessment of 
teaching.  Discusses assessment versus professional development, and 
argues that even if assessment of teaching is only a test, intended 
to separate the "accomplished" from the "unaccomplished," then it is 
not a vehicle for reform or change or professional development, but 
simply another externally initiated accountability test.  (SR)
  Descriptors: Elementary Secondary Education; English Teachers; 
*Instructional Improvement; *Politics of Education; *Professional 
Development; Standards; *Teacher Certification; *Teacher Evaluation
  Identifiers: *National Board for Professional Teaching Standards


  EJ511479  CS750535
  National Certification of Teachers.
  Reising, Bob
  Clearing House, v68 n6 p332-33 Jul-Aug   1995
  ISSN: 0009-8655
  Available From: UMI
  Document Type: PROJECT DESCRIPTION (141);  JOURNAL ARTICLE (080)
  Discusses national teacher certification efforts by the National 
Board for Professional Teaching Standards (NBPTS).  Notes responses 
from governors, school districts, and in educational journals, and 
mentions three booklets available from NBPTS headquarters.  (SR)
  Descriptors: *Educational Quality; Elementary Secondary Education; 
*National Competency Tests; Program Descriptions; *Teacher 
Certification
  Identifiers: *National Board for Professional Teaching Standards



  ED381502  SP035872
  National Standards for Teachers.
  Shapiro, Barbara C.
  Streamlined Seminar, v13 n4 Feb 1995  Feb 1995
  5p.
  ISSN: 0735-0023
  Available From: Educational Products, National Association of 
Elementary School Principals, 1615 Duke St., Alexandria, VA 22314 
(single copies, $2.50; 10 or more copies, $2 each; Virginia residents 
add 4.5% sales tax).
  EDRS Price - MF01/PC01 Plus Postage.
  Document Type: SERIAL (022)
  The mission of the National Board for Professional Teaching 
Standards (NBPTS) is to strengthen teaching in order to improve 
schools.  There has been general agreement that a national 
certification system that could reliably identify teachers who meet 
high and rigorous standards would command the respect of the 
profession and public.  The NBPTS has developed a certification 
process which is voluntary, signifies highly accomplished teaching 
based on a specific set of professional criteria, is uniform across 
the country, and was developed by educators for educators.  National 
Board Certification involves meeting field-specific standards, 
completing a performance-based assessment process, and participating 
in continuing education and ongoing professional development.  
National Board Certification gives principals a fair means of 
identifying and recognizing accomplished teachers.  Principals can 
look to Board-certified teachers to provide collegiate opportunities 
for growth and change.  Another activity would use certified teachers 
as resources for new candidates.  Evidence of increasing support for 
NBPTS accomplishments is described, and ways in which principals can 
support NBPTS efforts are noted.  (JDD)
  Descriptors: Educational Improvement; Elementary School Teachers; 
Elementary Secondary Education; Higher Education; National Programs; 
*Professional Development; Secondary School Teachers; *Standards; 
*Teacher Certification; *Teacher Evaluation; Teaching Experience
  Identifiers: *National Board for Professional Teaching Standards


  EJ502319  SP524030
  Assessing America's Best and Brightest Teachers: The National Board 
for Professional Teaching Standards.
  Shapiro, Barbara C.
  Professional Educator, v17 n1 p41-48 Fall   1994
  Available from Auburn Univ., College of Education, 3084 Haley Ctr., 
Auburn, AL 36849-5218.
  ISSN: 0196-786X
  Document Type: PROJECT DESCRIPTION (141);  JOURNAL ARTICLE (080)
  Discusses the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards 
system of National Board Certification and the effect of the 
performance-based assessment on teaching and education.  The article 
offers a rationale for National Board Certification, describes three 
general components (standards, assessment, and professional 
development), and examines implications for teacher education.  (SM)
o  Descriptors: Elementary Secondary Education; Evaluation Methods; 
Higher Education; Mentors; *National Competency Tests; Preservice 
Teacher Education; Professional Development; *Teacher Certification; 
*Teacher Competencies; *Teacher Competency Testing; Teacher 
Evaluation; Teacher Improvement; Teacher Qualifications
Identifiers: *National Board for Professional Teaching Standards; 
*National Teacher Certification
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ERIC Documents Citations for The Praxis Series


  ED403245  SP037105
  Enhancing Professional Practice: A Framework for Teaching.
  Danielson, Charlotte
  1996
  311p.
  ISBN: 0-87120-269-7
  Available From: Association for Supervision and Curriculum 
Development, 1250 N. Pitt St., Alexandria, VA 22314-1453 (ASCD Stock 
No. 196074, $16.95 members; $19.95 nonmembers).
  EDRS Price - MF01 Plus Postage. PC Not Available from EDRS.
  Document Type: BOOK (010);  PROJECT DESCRIPTION (141)
  Target Audience: Teachers; Practitioners
  The framework for teaching described in this book is based on 
PRAXIS III: Classroom Performance Assessments criteria developed by 
the Educational Testing Service.  This framework identifies those 
aspects of a teacher's responsibilities that have been documented 
through empirical studies and theoretical research as promoting 
improved student learning.  These responsibilities seek to define 
what teachers should know and be able to do in the exercise of their 
profession.  In this framework, the complex activity of teaching is 
divided into 22 components clustered into four domains: planning and 
preparation, classroom environment, instruction, and professional 
responsibilities.  This framework of professional practice is 
designed to meet the needs of novice teachers concerned with day-to-
day survival, experienced teachers wanting to improve their 
effectiveness and help their colleagues do so as well, and highly 
accomplished teachers wanting to move toward advanced certification 
and serve as a resource to less-experienced colleagues.  Evaluation 
criteria are provided for each domain and its components; instead of 
rating specific behaviors, these criteria refer to a set of 
commonalities that reflect or support actions.  (Contains 80 
references.) (JLS)
  Descriptors: Beginning Teacher Induction; *Classroom Environment; 
Elementary School Teachers; Elementary Secondary Education; 
Evaluation Methods; *Noninstructional Responsibility; Performance 
Based Assessment; Planning; Secondary School Teachers; *Teacher 
Effectiveness; *Teacher Evaluation; Teaching (Occupation); Teaching 
Experience; *Teaching Methods
  Identifiers: *Praxis Series


  ED390808  SP036364
  A Comparison of the Content Mastery Examination for Educators 
(CMEE) and the Praxis I Academic Skills Assessment for Initial 
Certification of Montana Educators.
  Morton, Claudette
  1994
  20p.; For a related document, see SP 036 363.
  EDRS Price - MF01/PC01 Plus Postage.
  Document Type: EVALUATIVE REPORT (142)
  This comparative study was conducted in preparation for selecting a 
successor to the National Teachers Examination (NTE) for initial 
certification of Montana educators.  The paper begins by discussing 
the background of using teacher competency tests in Montana, and 
examining demographic data on Montana students and certified teachers.  
Then, the Basic Skills and Pedagogy Tests of the Content Mastery 
Examination for Educator (CMEE), offered by National Computer 
Systems, and two versions of Praxis I Academic Skills Assessments and 
Pre-Professional Skills Tests (PPST) offered by the Educational 
Testing Service, are compared.  The two sets of tests are examined in 
terms of five questions: (1) the knowledge, skills, and concepts the 
tests measure; (2) cost to new teachers; (3) whether these tests 
should be offered on computers and how would that impact costs; (4) 
what must be done to validate and implement the new test; and (5) why 
Montana is mandating a teacher competency test.  A concern expressed 
is the need to include American Indians in the development and 
validation of the tests.  The findings of the comparison indicate 
that there is more reliance on tests that demonstrate utilization of 
knowledge, such as essays to assess writing, and less reliance on 
tests with discrete bits of knowledge.  Only one company offers a 
multiple choice pedagogy test, but with the caveat that there is no 
assurance that the person who passes the test will be a good teacher.  
Based on the concept that a teacher's performance will have to be 
evaluated when he/she is actually teaching, the Praxis Series has 
added a performance test to assess teaching ability.  Finally, since 
the ETS has removed all deadlines associated with phasing out any NTE 
tests, the results of the study suggest that Montana keep the NTE 
Core Battery in place while continuing to evaluate the Praxis Series.  
(Contains 13 references.) (ND)
  Descriptors: American Indians; Beginning Teachers; Comparative 
Analysis; *Criterion Referenced Tests; Cultural Awareness; Elementary 
Secondary Education; Measures (Individuals); *National Competency 
Tests; Standardized Tests; Teacher Certification; *Teacher 
Competencies; *Teacher Competency Testing; *Teacher Evaluation; 
Teaching Skills
  Identifiers: *Content Mastery Examinations For Educators; Montana; 
National Teacher Examinations; *Praxis Series


  ED390807  SP036363
  With the Phasing Out of the NTE, Do Either the Content Mastery 
Examinations for Educators (CMEE) or the "Praxis Series" Meet the 
Requirements of a Competency-Based Assessment for Beginning Teachers 
in Montana? A Report to the Board of Public Education, State of 
Montana.
  Rose, Ernest
  21 Jul 1994
  15p.; For a related document, see SP 036 364.
  EDRS Price - MF01/PC01 Plus Postage.
  Document Type: EVALUATIVE REPORT (142)
  This paper reports on an independent review of two examinations 
designed to assess teacher competencies: the Praxis Series and the 
Content Mastery Examinations for Educators (CMEE).  The review was 
ordered by the Montana Department of Public Education in order to 
decide which battery of tests would replace the National Teacher 
Examination (NTE).  The paper, which is a point-by-point examination 
of the Praxis Series and the CMEE, covers: (1) a general description 
of each examixnation; (2) test content; (3) accommodation for people 
with disabilities; (4) development; (5) technical and psychometric 
aspects (validity, bias, reliability, and score reporting); (6) 
strengths and weaknesses; and (7) a discussion of each test series.  
The paper concludes with a general discussion on the role of 
assessment of knowledge and skills in various professions.  Findings 
of the study indicate that the CMEE and the Praxis Series are both 
appropriate assessment batteries; both have been developed and 
studied to assure validity and reliability.  However, during the 
study, while technical assistance was readily available from the 
National Computer System staff regarding CMEE, getting information on 
the Praxis Series from Educational Testing Service was more 
cumbersome.  The study concludes that assessment of knowledge of 
candidates for teaching certificates must serve the state 
(representing the children) and the teaching profession by assisting 
to certify only qualified candidates.  The process should be kept 
simple and efficient for candidates, assessing the areas the state 
and profession deem necessary, and variables such as score reporting, 
cost, and accessibility ought to be considered when making decisions 
on assessment instruments.  (ND)
  Descriptors: Beginning Teachers; Elementary Secondary Education; 
Mastery Tests; Measures (Individuals); *National Competency Tests; 
Standardized Tests; State Programs; *Teacher Certification; *Teacher 
Competencies; *Teacher Competency Testing; *Teacher Evaluation; 
Teaching Skills
  Identifiers: *Content Mastery Examinations For Educators; Montana; 
National Teacher Examinations; *Praxis Series


  EJ457774  HE530910
  New Teacher Exams Unveiled after Three-Year Wait.
  Hawkins, B. Denise
  Black Issues in Higher Education, v9 n25 p7,9-10 Feb 11 
  1993
  ISSN: 0742-0277
  Available From: UMI
  Document Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE (080);  PROJECT DESCRIPTION (141)
  The National Teachers Examination, criticized for cultural bias, is 
being replaced in many states by the "Praxis Series: Professional 
Assessments for Beginning Teachers." The new assessment focuses on 
portfolios and classroom style and includes evaluation of basic 
skills (in the sophomore year), subject area knowledge (on completion 
of college) and teaching style (while teaching).  (MSE)
  Descriptors: *Black Education; *Culture Fair Tests; Elementary 
Secondary Education; *Entry Workers; Higher Education; *Licensing 
Examinations (Professions); *Teacher Certification; *Teacher 
Qualifications
  Identifiers: National Teachers Examination; *Praxis Series


  ED395977  TM025115
  Formative Studies of Praxis III: Classroom Performance Assessments--
An Overview. The Praxis Series: Professional Assessments for 
Beginning Teachers.
  Myford, Carol; And Others
  Jun 1993
  252p.
  EDRS Price - MF01/PC11 Plus Postage.
  Document Type: REVIEW LITERATURE (070);  EVALUATIVE REPORT (142);  
TEST, QUESTIONNAIRE (160)
  The Educational Testing Service is developing a new generation of 
teacher assessments--the Praxis Series: Professional Assessments for 
Beginning Teachers.  The assessment series consists of three 
components.  An academic skills component will assess the candidate's 
basic academic and enabling skills.  Subject assessments will test 
the candidate's grasp of subject matter.  Classroom performance 
assessments (Praxiss III) will assess the candidate's application of 
knowledge in an actual classroom setting.  This document describes a 
series of eight formative studies that were conducted during the 
development of Praxis III.  Research efforts were targeted in: (1) 
field testing the various data-collection instruments; (2) 
examination of the processes and strategies involved in retrieving, 
coding, and evaluating teacher performance data; and (3) an
Secondary School Teachers; Teacher Certification; Teacher Education; 
Teacher Evaluation; Teacher Qualifications; Teacher Shortage; 
*Teaching (Occupation)
  Identifiers: *National Teacher Examinations
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ERIC Documents Citations for NTE


  EJ407941  TM515005
  Standard-Setting Practices for Teacher Tests.
  Rudner, Lawrence M.; Eissenberg, Thomas E.
  Journal of Personnel Evaluation in Education, v3 p143-49 
  1990
  Paper based on paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the 
National Council on Measurement in Education (New Orleans, LA, April 
6-8, 1988).
  Document Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE (080);  RESEARCH REPORT (143);  
CONFERENCE PAPER (150)
  Standard-setting practices in states using the National Teachers 
Examination (NTE) were examined.  Passing score-setting procedures, 
recommended study scores, passing scores established by the states, 
and the implications of the passing scores were studied.  States have 
typically adopted standards lower than cut scores recommended by 
advisory councils.  (SLD)
  Descriptors: Cutting Scores; Higher Education; Licensing 
Examinations (Professions); Minimum Competency Testing; *Scoring; 
State Programs; *State Standards; *Teacher Certification; Testing 
Problems; *Testing Programs
  Identifiers: *National Teacher Examinations; *Standard Setting; 
Teacher Competency Testing


  EJ406887  EA524371
  Beyond the NTE--New Directions for Licensing Teachers and 
Principals.
  Anrig, Gregory R.
  NASSP Bulletin, v74 n525 p58-62 Apr   1990
  Available From: UMI
  Document Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE (080);  PROJECT DESCRIPTION (141)
  A new computer-based assessment system will replace the National 
Teachers Examination by fall 1992.  The three-stage system will test 
state-required basic academic skills during the sophomore year of 
college, evaluate subject field knowledge and skills using open-ended 
and multiple-choice questions, and contain a locally based 
performance observation component.  New directions for principal 
licensure are also provided.  (MLH)
  Descriptors: *Administrators; *Assessment Centers (Personnel); 
*Certification; Elementary Secondary Education; Evaluation Methods; 
*Management Development; *Teacher Certification
  Identifiers: *National Teacher Certification; *National Teacher 
Examinations


  ED336382  SP033311
  The Use of NTE Communication Skills and General Knowledge Scores 
for Admission to Teacher Education Programs: Policy Recommendations.
  Wakeford, Mary E.; Williams, Valerie S. L.
  1990
  12p.; Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the North Carolina 
Association for Research in Education (Research Triangle Park, NC, 
March 29-30, 1990).
  EDRS Price - MF01/PC01 Plus Postage.
  Document Type: CONFERENCE PAPER (150)
  Policymakers adopt basic skills tests as admission requirements for 
programs of teacher education to increase the accuracy of admissions 
and, ultimately, to increase the competence of the teaching force.  
The tests are regarded as an independent measure of student academic 
competence.  A multiple regression study of the incremental 
predictive validity of the test scores shows that basic skills test 
scores do not improve the prediction of students' success in teacher 
education programs when the grade point average of the first 2 years 
of college is available.  The use of college grade point averages 
alone are recommended to measure academic achievement and to predict 
future academic achievement.  It is also recommended that candidates 
for admission to teacher education programs submit scores on 
standardized tests of basic skills at the time of admission, but that 
a qualifying score not be designated.  A final recommendation asserts 
that prospective teachers achieve a qualifying score on a test of 
basic skills before licensure.  (Author/LL)
  Descriptors: Academic Achievement; Academic Standards; 
Communication Skills; Elementary Secondary Education; *Grade Point 
Average; Higher Education; Licensing Examinations (Professions); 
*Policy Formation; Predictive Validity; *Preservice Teacher Education; 
Scores; *Selective Admission; *Standardized Tests; Teacher Education 
Programs; *Test Use
  Identifiers: *National Teacher Examinations; NTE Test of 
Professional Knowledge


  ED335375  TM016980
  The Predictive Validity of the NTE for Performance in Teacher 
Education Programs and on the Certification Examination.
  Williams, Valerie S. L.; Wakeford, Mary E.
  Mar 1990
  11p.; Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the North Carolina 
Association for Research in Education (Research Triangle Park, NC, 
March 29-30, 1990).
  EDRS Price - MF01/PC01 Plus Postage.
  Document Type: RESEARCH REPORT (143);  CONFERENCE PAPER (150)
  The predictive validity of the National Teacher Examinations (NTE) 
tests of communications skills (CS) and general knowledge (GK) as 
entrance requirements for teacher education programs and for later 
performance on the state certification examination were studied.  
Data were collected for 1,143 graduates of teacher education programs 
in North Carolina.  Data collected included: (1) Scholastic Aptitude 
Test verbal and mathematics scores; (2) grade point average (GPA) at 
two points; (3) NTE CS scores; (4) NTE GK scores; and (5) NTE test of 
professional knowledge (PK) scores.  The CS and GK scores were not 
found to be strongly enough related to performance in the teacher 
education programs, as measured by GPA, to merit their use as 
requirements for admission.  The tests were useful in predicting 
performance on the NTE PK tests, the state certification examinations.  
Cross-validation of regression models from prior studies showed these 
relationships to be stable.  Implications for educational policy are 
discussed.  Three tables present study data.  (Author/SLD)
  Descriptors: *Admission Criteria; *College Graduates; Educational 
Policy; Grade Point Average; Higher Education; *Licensing 
Examinations (Professions); *Predictive Validity; *Scores; State 
Programs; *Teacher Certification; Teacher Education Programs; Testing 
Programs; Test Validity
  Identifiers: *National Teacher Examinations; NTE Test of 
Professional Knowledge


  ED330667  SP032979
  The NTE As a Measure of General Academic Ability: Implications for 
Teacher Education.
  Loadman, William E.; Deville, Craig W.
  Oct 1990
  20p.; Paper presented at a meeting of the Mid-Western Educational 
Research Association (Chicago, IL, October 1990).
  EDRS Price - MF01/PC01 Plus Postage.
  Document Type: CONFERENCE PAPER (150)
  In 1987 the Ohio State Board of Education adopted new requirements 
for teacher education and teacher certification.  This included the 
implementation of competency testing in Ohio, using the National 
Teacher Examination (NTE) as the certification examination.  
Correlation and regression analyses were performed on data collected 
between 1982 and 1989 on Ohio State University (OSU) teacher 
education graduates.  Grade point average (GPA) and American College 
Testing (ACT) composite scores, and NTE results were correlated.  In 
general, the high correlations were among the NTE measures and 
between these measures and the ACT scores.  Regression analyses of 
the data indicated that ACT proved to be a better predictor of the 
NTE scores than GPA.  The data suggest that efforts to improve the 
quality of OSU teacher education students should focus on students 
with higher ACT scores.  Many educators advocate the development of a 
more comprehensive student assessment program that more accurately 
reflects the complexity and richness of teaching.  Appendixes include 
seven tables displaying the data.  (IAH)
  Descriptors: *Academic Achievement; Achievement Tests; Correlation; 
Elementary Secondary Education; Grade Point Average; Higher Education; 
*Predictor Variables; Preservice Teacher Education; State Standards; 
*Teacher Certification; Test Use
  Identifiers: ACT Assessment; *National Teacher Examinations; Ohio; 
Ohio State University; *Teacher Testing


  EJ419247  SP520045
  Using the National Teacher Examinations in Credential Candidate 
Assessment.
  White, John O.; Tierney, Dennis S.
  Teacher Education Quarterly, v16 n3 p27-33 Spr   1989
  Available From: UMI
  Document Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE (080);  RESEARCH REPORT (143)
  This study attempted to determine the appropriateness of the 
National Teacher Examination (NTE) for certifying competency of 
applicants for teaching credentials.  One conclusion is that the NTE 
is a valid instrument but that grade point averages need to be 
considered as well.  (SM)
  Descriptors: Educational Certificates; *Evaluation Methods; Higher 
Education; Measures (Individuals); *Teacher Certification; Teacher 
Qualifications; Teachers; Tests
  Identifiers: California; *Competency Based Certification; *National 
Teacher Examinations


  EJ397235  SP518887
  Predicting Performance on the National Teacher Examinations Core 
Battery.
  Egan, Paul J.; Ferre, Victor
  Journal of Educational Research, v82 n4 p227-30 Mar-Apr 
  1989
  Available From: UMI
  Document Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE (080);  RESEARCH REPORT (143)
  Undergraduate grade point average and American College Test subtest 
scores continue to correlate as well with the new National Teacher 
Examination (NTE) Core Battery as they did with the old NTE Common 
Examinations.  Subjects were 94 teacher education graduates.  
Implications for teacher education programs are discussed.  (IAH)
  Descriptors: College Entrance Examinations; Correlation; *Education 
Majors; *Grade Point Average; Higher Education; Multiple Regression 
Analysis; *Predictive Validity; Preservice Teacher Education; 
Screening Tests; Teacher Qualifications; *Test Use
  Identifiers: *American College Testing Program; *National Teacher 
Examinations; Teacher Testing


  ED314475  TM014362
  The PPST and NTE as Predictors of Student Teacher Performance.
  Salzman, Stephanie A.
  Oct 1989
  35p.; Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Northern Rocky 
Mountain Educational Research Association (Jackson, WY, October 5-7, 
1989).
  EDRS Price - MF01/PC02 Plus Postage.
  Document Type: RESEARCH REPORT (143);  CONFERENCE PAPER (150);  
TEST, QUESTIONNAIRE (160)
  The Pre-Professional Skills Test (PPST) and the National Teacher 
Examinations (NTE) were examined as predictors of student classroom 
performance as measured by three instruments from the "Teacher 
Performance Assessment Instruments" (TPAIs) of W. Capie et al.  
(1979).  Subjects were 305 teacher education students taking the 
student teaching practicum in 1988 and 1989 at Idaho State University.  
Most (n=247) were college seniors; 31 were graduate students.  The 
three TPAIs instruments used were: (1) the Teaching Plans and 
Materials instrument; (2) the Classroom Procedures instrument; and 
(3) the Interpersonal Skills instrument.  Subjects took the PPST as a 
requirement for admission to the teacher education program and took 
the NTE in their final year of teacher preparation.  Twenty-four 
raters used the TPAIs instruments to evaluate the students.  The PPST 
and the NTE were found to be weak predictors of actual classroom 
performance of student teachers, based on the TPAIs results.  These 
tests may be measures of subject-matter knowledge but did not reveal 
how teacher education students would perform in the classroom and did 
not appear to be appropriate competency measures for teacher 
certification.  Appendix A contains the summary data sheets for the 
TPAIs instruments, and Appendix B is the coding sheet for student 
performance.  Three tables summarize the analyses.  (SLD)
  Descriptors: Classroom Techniques; *College Students; Comparative 
Testing; Education Majors; Evaluation Methods; Higher Education; 
*Performance Factors; *Predictive Measurement; *Student Teachers; 
Teacher Certification; Teacher Education; *Teacher Effectiveness
  Identifiers: *National Teacher Examinations; *Pre Professional 
Skills Tests; Teacher Performance Assessment Instruments


  ED305373  TM012865
  The NTE, PPST, and Classroom Performance.
  Ayers, Jerry B.
  Feb 1989
  9p.; Part of the paper was presented at the Annual Meeting of the 
Association of Teacher Educators (St. Louis, MO, February 1989).
  EDRS Price - MF01/PC01 Plus Postage.
  Document Type: CONFERENCE PAPER (150);  RESEARCH REPORT (143)
  The relationships among scores on the National Teacher Examinations 
(NTE) and the Pre-Professional Skills Test (PPST) and scores achieved 
on objectively scored observation instruments were studied in 100 
graduates of teacher preparation programs at Tennessee Technological 
University (Cookeville).  Of these, 62 had completed the NTE and 27 
had taken the PPST.  The Classroom Observation Keyed for 
Effectiveness Research instrument was used to evaluate some of these 
teachers in the spring of 1987, and the low inference observation 
instrument of the Kentucky Career Ladder Program was used for those 
observed in 1988.  There was little relationship between scores on 
the NTE or the PPST and the observation system utilized.  These tests 
provided little information that was useful in predicting the success 
of the individual in the classroom.  Nevertheless, these tests did 
provide information useful for determining student deficiencies in 
potential basic skills areas.  It is suggested that the NTE and the 
PPST not become the sole criteria for admission to study in 
professional education or for licensure as a teacher.  Four tables 
are provided.  (SLD)
  Descriptors: Beginning Teachers; *Classroom Observation Techniques; 
College Entrance Examinations; *College Graduates; Comparative 
Analysis; Higher Education; *Licensing Examinations (Professions); 
Performance; *Predictive Measurement; Predictor Variables; Teacher 
Education Programs; *Teacher Evaluation
  Identifiers: *National Teacher Examinations; *Pre Professional 
Skills Tests; Teacher Competency Testing; Tennessee


  EJ377020  SP517985
  Another Look at the Concurrent and Predictive Validity of the 
National Teacher Examinations.
  Ayers, Jerry B.
  Journal of Educational Research, v81 n3 p133-37 Jan-Feb 
  1988
  Available From: UMI
  Document Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE (080);  RESEARCH REPORT (143)
  Forty-eight elementary school teachers were studied to determine 
the concurrent and predictive validity of the National Teachers 
Examination (NTE).  NTE scores, grade point averages, and American 
College Test scores were correlated with principal and pupil 
evaluations of teacher performance.  Methodology is discussed.  (JL)
  Descriptors: Academic Achievement; *Concurrent Validity; 
Correlation; Elementary Education; Elementary School Teachers; Grade 
Point Average; *Predictive Validity; *Teacher Evaluation; *Test 
Validity
  Identifiers: American College Testing Program; *National Teacher 
Examinations


  ED291698  SP029905
  The Relationship of NTE Exams to Teacher Education Admission, 
Performance, and Employment.
  Olstad, Roger G.
  Feb 1988
  16p.; Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American 
Association of Colleges for Teacher Education (New Orleans, LA, 
February 17-20, 1988).
  EDRS Price - MF01/PC01 Plus Postage.
  Document Type: CONFERENCE PAPER (150);  REVIEW LITERATURE (070)
  Questions have been raised about what criteria to use in selecting, 
training, and hiring teachers, and when those measures should be 
taken--at the time of entrance to teacher preparation programs or at 
the end of training and at the time of certification.  Another 
question concerns the demonstrated teaching competency of the 
teachers selected and prepared by institutions relying on rigorous 
admission and exit criteria.  A final question emerges about the 
employment of student teachers who do demonstrate competence on tests 
in performance.  This paper reports on a series of five studies 
conducted at a major university over a two-year period.  Admission 
criteria, performance and employment of student teachers were 
examined in the light of scores on the National Teacher Examinations 
(NTE) for General Knowledge or for disicpline specialization in 
either the life sciences, physical sciences or social studies areas.  
Results show that the NTE tests do not contribute additional 
information about the student teachers that isn't already available 
through other measures, nor does NTE predict either teaching 
performance or employment of teachers.  (JD)
  Descriptors: *Admission Criteria; Higher Education; Preservice 
Teacher Education; *Standardized Tests; Teacher Certification; 
*Teacher Employment; *Testing Programs; *Test Validity
  Identifiers: *National Teacher Examinations

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