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ERIC Citations & Abstracts for Survey Construction & Research - Introductory Guides for Educational Practitioners & Novice Researchers


Instructions for ERIC Documents Access

Search Strategy:
Surveys or Questionnaires [as major ERIC Descriptors]
AND
Research Methodology or Evaluation Methods or Test Construction [ERIC Descriptors]
AND, possibly,
Student Surveys or Teacher Surveys or Community Surveys or Review Literature [ERIC Descriptors or Document Type]
  
  ED423291  TM029098
  Six Criteria for Survey Sample Design Evaluation.
  Wang, Lin; Fan, Xitao
  1998
  13p.; Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American 
Educational Research Association (San Diego, CA, April 13-17, 1998).
  Document Type: REVIEW LITERATURE (070);  PROJECT DESCRIPTION (141)
  The popularity of the sample survey in educational research makes 
it necessary for consumers to tell a good study from a poor one.  
Several sources were identified that gave advice on how to evaluate a 
sample design.  The sources are either limited or too extensive to 
use in a practical sense.  The purpose of this paper is to recommend 
six important yet practical criteria in evaluating the quality of a 
sample design in survey research.  The six criteria are: (1) a 
clearly specified population; (2) an explicitly stated unit of 
analysis; (3) a specification of determining a desired sample size; 
(4) an informative description of the selection procedures; (5) a 
description of the response rate and nonrespondence treatment; and 
(6) demonstration of appropriate estimation procedures.  For each 
criterion, discussion is focused on definitions, problems that are 
found in literature, and consequences of the problems.  (Contains 26 
references.) (Author)
  Descriptors: *Criteria; *Data Collection; Educational Research; 
Evaluation Methods; *Research Design; Response Rates (Questionnaires); 
*Sampling; *Surveys


  EJ565082  EA534636
  Constructing a Fact Sheet: The First Step in Planning a Meaningful 
Survey.
  McNamara, James F.
  International Journal of Educational Reform, v7 n2 p195-206 Apr 
  1998
  ISSN: 1056-7879
  Document Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE (080);  EVALUATIVE REPORT (142)
  A "fact sheet" is defined as a single two-sided sheet (or one-page 
folded brochure) that briefly describes all major aspects of a 
scientific survey or poll in nontechnical terms.  A fact sheet can be 
used to plan all phases of a survey, from clarifying purpose, to 
distributing results.  A fact sheet may be used as a communication 
tool in each phase of survey.  (13 references) (MLH)
  Descriptors: *Educational Research; Elementary Secondary Education; 
*Research Methodology; *Sampling; *Scientific Research; *Surveys
  Identifiers: *Fact Sheets; Opinion Polls

    
  ED405379  TM026245
  Your Opinion, Please  How To Build the Best Questionnaires in the 
Field of Education.
  Cox, James
  1996
  103p.
  ISBN: 0-8039-6523-0
  Available From: Corwin Press, Inc., A Sage Publications Company, 
2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320; e-mail: 
order#064;corwin.sagepub.com; fax: 805-499-0871 (paperback: ISBN-0-8039-
6523-0, $21.95; clothbound: ISBN-0-8039-6522-2, $49.95).
  Document Type: BOOK (010);  NON-CLASSROOM MATERIAL (055)
  Target Audience: Researchers
  This manual explains how to construct a questionnaire.  It is 
intended for the novice researcher who has little experience in 
questionnaire construction.  The first seven chapters discuss the 
following seven stages in questionnaire development: (1) establishing 
the guiding questions; (2) operationalizing and clarifying the 
guiding questions; (3) writing items and formatting responses; (4) 
conducting the alignment check; (5) writing directions; (6) 
categorizing respondents; and (7) marketing the questionnaire.  
Chapters 8 through 12 discuss the evaluation, analysis, and reporting 
of questionnaire data.  The discussion is accompanied by a prototype 
questionnaire about the leadership of elementary school principals.  
This model is developed throughout the chapters.  Attached resources 
A through C contain further product examples.  Resource D contains a 
checklist for evaluating questionnaire flaws, and Resource E contains 
two additional examples to illustrate the first six stages of 
questionnaire development.  (Contains six figures and two tables.)(SLD)
  Descriptors: Data Analysis; *Educational Research; Models; 
*Opinions; Questioning Techniques; *Questionnaires; Research Design; 
Researchers; Research Methodology; *Response Rates (Questionnaires); 
*Test Construction; Test Items; Test Use


  ED421522  TM028847
  How To Report on Surveys. The Survey Kit, Volume 9.
  Fink, Arlene
  1995
  91p.; The complete "Survey Kit" series consists of nine separate 
books, see TM 028 839-847.
  ISBN: 0-8039-7385-3
  Available From: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2455 Teller Road, Thousand 
Oaks, CA 91320; e-mail: order#064;sagepub.com ($12.95).
  Document Type: BOOK (010);  NON-CLASSROOM MATERIAL (055)
  Target Audience: Researchers; Students
  The nine-volume Survey Kit is designed to help readers prepare and 
conduct surveys and become better users of survey results.  All the 
books in the series contain instructional objectives, exercises and 
answers, examples of surveys in use, illustrations of survey 
questions, guidelines for action, checklists of "dos and don'ts," and 
annotated references.  This volume, ninth in the series, shows 
readers how to prepare more effective oral and written survey reports.  
The volume includes guidelines for preparing overhead transparencies 
and a step-by-step account of how to talk about a survey and the data 
analysis.  It also demonstrates the preparation of written reports 
for technical and general audiences.  The following chapters are 
included: (1) "Lists, Charts, and Tables: Presenting the Survey's 
Results"; (2) "Talking about the Survey"; and (3) "The Written 
Report." An annotated list of six suggested readings is included.  
(Contains 16 figures.) (SLD)
  Descriptors: Educational Research; Evaluation Methods; Evaluation 
Utilization; Guides; Questionnaires; Reliability; Research 
Methodology; *Research Reports; Speech Skills; *Surveys; Tables 
(Data); *Technical Writing; Validity; *Writing for Publication
  Identifiers: *Oral Reports; Survey Research


  ED421521  TM028846
  How To Analyze Survey Data. The Survey Kit, Volume 8.
  Fink, Arlene
  1995
  101p.; The complete "Survey Kit" series consists of nine separate 
books, see TM 028 839-847.
  ISBN: 0-8039-7386-1
  Available From: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2455 Teller Road, Thousand 
Oaks, CA 91320; e-mail: order#064;sagepub.com ($12.95).
  Document Type: BOOK (010);  NON-CLASSROOM MATERIAL (055)
  Target Audience: Researchers; Students
  The nine-volume Survey Kit is designed to help readers prepare and 
All the books in the series contain instructional objectives, exercises and 
answers, examples of surveys in use, illustrations of survey 
questions, guidelines for action, checklists of "dos and don'ts," and 
annotated references.  This volume, eighth in the series, shows what 
statistics can do for surveys, describes measurement scales in 
detail, and demonstrates how to choose a method to analyze survey 
results.  While it teaches the basic vocabulary of statistics and the 
principles and logic behind the selection and interpretation of 
commonly used methods to analyze survey data, it does not teach the 
reader to be a survey statistician.  This book, however, will enable 
the researcher to tell the statistical consultant what is needed and 
to interpret the results.  The following chapters are included: (1) 
"What Statistics Do for Surveys"; (2) "Relationships or Correlation"; 
and (3) "Selecting Commonly Used Statistical Methods for Surveys." An 
annotated list of six suggested readings and a glossary are provided.  
(Contains 16 examples, 9 figures, and 2 tables.) (SLD)
  Descriptors: Costs; *Data Analysis; Data Collection; Educational 
Research; Evaluation Methods; Evaluation Utilization; Questionnaires; 
Reliability; Research Design; *Research Methodology; *Statistics; 
*Surveys; *Test Construction; Validity
  Identifiers: Survey Research

  
  ED421520  TM028845
  How To Measure Survey Reliability and Validity. The Survey Kit, 
Volume 7.
  Litwin, Mark S.
  1995
  87p.; The complete "Survey Kit" series consists of nine separate 
books, see TM 028 839-847.
  ISBN: 0-8039-5704-1
  Available From: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2455 Teller Road, Thousand 
Oaks, CA 91320; e-mail: order#064;sagepub.com ($11.95).
  Document Type: BOOK (010);  NON-CLASSROOM MATERIAL (055)
  Target Audience: Researchers; Students
  The nine-volume Survey Kit is designed to help readers prepare and 
All the books in the series contain instructional objectives, exercises and 
answers, examples of surveys in use, illustrations of survey 
questions, guidelines for action, checklists of "dos and don'ts," and 
annotated references.  This volume, seventh in the series, shows 
readers how to assess and interpret the quality of their survey data 
by examining the survey instrument thoroughly.  The book explains how 
to code and pilot test new and established surveys.  It also covers 
such issues as how to measure reliability (such as test-retest, 
alternate-form, internal consistency, interobserver and intraobserver 
reliability).  How to measure content, criterion, and construct 
validities is explained, and how to address cross-cultural issues in 
survey research is described.  Also described is how to scale and 
score a survey.  The following chapters are included: (1) "Overview 
of Psychometrics"; (2) "Reliability"; (3) "Validity"; (4) "Scaling 
and Scoring"; (5) "Creating and Using a Codebook"; (6) "Pilot 
Testing"; and (7) "Multicultural Issues." An annotated list of five 
suggested readings and a glossary are included.  (Contains 32 
examples.) (SLD)
  Descriptors: Costs; Data Collection; Educational Research; 
Evaluation Methods; Evaluation Utilization; *Measurement Techniques; 
Multicultural Education; Pilot Projects; Psychometrics; 
Questionnaires; *Reliability; Research Design; *Research Methodology; 
Scaling; Scoring; *Surveys; *Test Construction; *Validity
  Identifiers: Survey Research

  
  ED421519  TM028844
  How To Sample in Surveys. The Survey Kit, Volume 6.
  Fink, Arlene
  1995
  73p.; The complete "Survey Kit" series consists of nine separate 
books, see TM 028 839-847.
  ISBN: 0-8039-5754-8
  Available From: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2455 Teller Road, Thousand 
Oaks, CA 91320; e-mail: order#064;sagepub.com ($11.95).
  Document Type: BOOK (010);  NON-CLASSROOM MATERIAL (055)
  Target Audience: Researchers; Students
  The nine-volume Survey Kit is designed to help readers prepare and 
All the books in the series contain instructional objectives, exercises and 
answers, examples of surveys in use, illustrations of survey 
questions, guidelines for action, checklists of "dos and don'ts," and 
annotated references.  This volume, sixth in the series, shows 
readers how to select and use the most appropriate sampling methods 
for their surveys.  It covers myriad sampling techniques such as 
simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, systematic 
sampling, cluster sampling, convenience sampling, snowball sampling, 
quota sampling, and focus groups.  The volume also describes, in 
detail, the following: inclusion and exclusion criteria, the logic in 
estimating sampling errors and sample size determinations, the 
sources of error in sampling, and how to calculate the response rate.  
The two chapters are titled: (1) "Target Populations and Samples"; 
and (2) "Statistics and Samples." An annotated list of 16 references 
for additional reading and a glossary are provided.  (Contains 19 
examples and 2 figures.) (SLD)
  Descriptors: Costs; *Data Collection; Educational Research; Error 
of Measurement; Evaluation Methods; Evaluation Utilization; Focus 
Groups; Questionnaires; Reliability; Research Design; *Research 
Methodology; Response Rates (Questionnaires); Sample Size; *Sampling; 
Statistical Analysis; *Surveys; *Test Construction; Validity
  Identifiers: Survey Research

  
  ED421518  TM028843
  How To Design Surveys. The Survey Kit, Volume 5.
  Fink, Arlene
  1995
  73p.; The complete "Survey Kit" series consists of nine separate 
books, see TM 028 839-847.
  ISBN: 0-8039-7387-X
  Available From: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2455 Teller Road, Thousand 
Oaks, CA 91320; e-mail: order#064;sagepub.com ($11.95).
  Document Type: BOOK (010);  NON-CLASSROOM MATERIAL (055)
  Target Audience: Researchers; Students
  The nine-volume Survey Kit is designed to help readers prepare and 
All the books in the series contain instructional objectives, exercises and 
answers, examples of surveys in use, illustrations of survey 
questions, guidelines for action, checklists of "dos and don'ts," and 
annotated references.  This volume, fifth in the series, guides the 
reader in selecting and using appropriate survey designs.  The 
following specific objectives are met in this volume: (1) describe 
the major features of high-quality survey systems; (2) identify the 
questions that structure survey designs; (3) distinguish between 
experimental and observational designs; (4) explain the 
characteristics, benefits, and concerns of designs that include 
concurrent controls with and without random assignment, self- and 
historical controls, and cross-sectional, cohort, and case- control 
designs; (5) identify the risks to internal validity; and (7) 
identify the risks to a design's external validity.  The chapters are 
titled "Useful Surveys" and "Classification of Designs for Surveys." 
An annotated list of five additional readings is provided.  (Contains 
18 examples and 5 figures.) (SLD)
  Descriptors: Costs; *Data Collection; *Educational Research; 
Evaluation Methods; Evaluation Utilization; Experiments; Observation; 
Questionnaires; *Research Design; Research Methodology; *Surveys; 
*Test Construction; Validity
  Identifiers: Survey Research

  
  ED421517  TM028842
  How To Conduct Interviews by Telephone and In Person. The Survey 
Kit, Volume 4.
  Frey, James H.; Oishi, Sabine Mertens
  1995
  170p.; The complete "Survey Kit" series consists of nine separate 
books, see TM 028 839-847.
  ISBN: 0-8039-5719-X
  Available From: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2455 Teller Road, Thousand 
Oaks, CA 91320; e-mail: order#064;sagepub.com ($17.95).
  Document Type: BOOK (010);  NON-CLASSROOM MATERIAL (055)
  Target Audience: Researchers; Students
  The nine-volume Survey Kit is designed to help readers prepare and 
All the books in the series contain instructional objectives, exercises and 
answers, examples of surveys in use, illustrations of survey 
questions, guidelines for action, checklists of "dos and don'ts," and 
annotated references.  This volume, fourth in the series, explains 
how to write interview questions with structured interviewer 
instructions and how to write questions that are most effective for 
telephone and in-person interviews.  Designing preletters and scripts 
for recall is discussed, with suggestions for organizing a flowing 
interview that considers possible effects of question order.  Also 
described is how to design an eligibility screen and how to write a 
job description for an interviewer.  The volume also shows how to 
develop an interviewer training manual and a training session.  The 
following chapters are included: (1) "Overview of Telephone and In-
Person Interviews"; (2) "Questionnaire Construction"; and (3) 
"Interviewer Selection and Training." An annotated list of 15 sources 
for additional reading is provided.  (Contains 39 examples.) (SLD)
  Descriptors: Costs; *Data Collection; *Educational Research; 
Eligibility; Evaluation Methods; Evaluation Utilization; *Interviews; 
*Mail Surveys; Questionnaires; Reliability; Research Design; 
*Research Methodology; *Test Construction; Validity
  Identifiers: *Interviewers; Survey Research

  
  ED421516  TM028841
  How To Conduct Self-Administered and Mail Surveys. The Survey Kit,
Volume 3.
  Bourque, Linda B.; Fielder, Eve P.
  1995
  223p.; The complete "Survey Kit" series consists of nine separate 
books, see TM 028 839-847.
  ISBN: 0-8039-7168-0
  Available From: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2455 Teller Road, Thousand 
Oaks, CA 91320; e-mail: order#064;sagepub.com ($20.95).
  Document Type: BOOK (010);  NON-CLASSROOM MATERIAL (055)
  Target Audience: Researchers; Students
  The nine-volume Survey Kit is designed to help readers prepare and 
All the books in the series contain instructional objectives, exercises and 
answers, examples of surveys in use, illustrations of survey 
questions, guidelines for action, checklists of "dos and don'ts," and 
annotated references.  This volume, third in the series, demonstrates 
how to develop and administer self-administered and mail surveys.  
Areas covered are the kinds of self-administered questionnaires, the 
circumstances under which they are appropriately used, and the skills 
needed to design them, estimate their costs, select appropriate 
samples, and document the decisions made.  Follow-up procedures for 
nonrespondents are also explained.  The following chapters are 
included: (1) "Overview of Self-Administered Questionnaires"; (2)
"Content of the Questionnaire"; (3) "'User Friendly Questionnaires'
and Response Categories"; (4) "Format of the Questionnaire"; and (5) 
"Implementation." A list of 35 annotated sources for further reading 
is attached.  (Contains 2 examples and 16 figures.) (SLD)
  Descriptors: Costs; *Data Collection; Educational Research; 
Evaluation Methods; Evaluation Utilization; *Mail Surveys; 
*Questionnaires; Reliability; Research Design; *Research Methodology; 
Sampling; *Test Construction; Validity
  Identifiers: *Self Report Measures; Survey Research

  
  ED421515  TM028840
  How To Ask Survey Questions. The Survey Kit, Volume 2.
  Fink, Arlene
  1995
  105p.; The complete "Survey Kit" series consists of nine separate 
books, see TM 028 839-847.
  ISBN: 0-8039-5745-9
  Available From: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2455 Teller Road, Thousand 
Oaks, CA 91320; e-mail: order#064;sagepub.com ($14.95).
  Document Type: BOOK (010);  NON-CLASSROOM MATERIAL (055)
  Target Audience: Researchers; Students
  The nine-volume Survey Kit is designed to help readers prepare and 
All the books in the series contain instructional objectives, exercises and 
answers, examples of surveys in use, illustrations of survey 
questions, guidelines for action, checklists of "dos and don'ts," and 
annotated references.  This volume, second in the series, is designed 
to guide the reader to prepare and use reliable and valid survey 
questions. The first objective is to help the user understand a
survey's cultural, psychological, economic, and political contexts.  
The survey developer is encouraged to ask valid questions that make 
sense to the respondent, and are concrete, with well-constructed 
sentences and careful word choice. The use is led to ask questions
correctly through the use of meaningful response categories, 
appropriately grouped.  Also discussed is applying special 
questioning techniques as needed.  The following chapters are 
included: (1) "Asking Questions: A Matter of Context"; (2) "Keep 
Questions Closed or Open Them Up?"; (3) "Responses: Choices and 
Measurement"; and (4) "Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior: Additional 
Tips When Creating Survey Questions." A list of 15 annotated 
additional readings is attached.  (Contains 32 examples and 4 
tables.) (SLD)
  Descriptors: Attitude Measures; *Data Collection; *Educational 
Research; Evaluation Methods; Evaluation Utilization; Measurement 
Techniques; *Questioning Techniques; Questionnaires; Reliability; 
Research Design; *Research Methodology; *Surveys; Test Construction; 
Validity
  Identifiers: Survey Research

  
  ED421514  TM028839
  The Survey Handbook. The Survey Kit, Volume 1.
  Fink, Arlene
  1995
  129p.; The complete "Survey Kit" series consists of nine separate 
books, see TM 028 839-847.
  ISBN: 0-8039-5934-6
  Available From: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2455 Teller Road, Thousand 
Oaks, CA 91320; e-mail: order#064;sagepub.com ($16.95).
  Document Type: BOOK (010);  NON-CLASSROOM MATERIAL (055)
  Target Audience: Researchers; Students
  The nine-volume Survey Kit is designed to help readers prepare and 
All the books in the series contain instructional objectives, exercises and 
answers, examples of surveys in use, illustrations of survey 
questions, guidelines for action, checklists of "dos and don'ts," and 
annotated references.  This volume, the first in the series, deals 
with skills and resources needed to conduct a survey.  The skills 
include identifying specific survey objectives, designing studies and 
sampling respondents, developing reliable and valid self-administered 
questionnaires and interviews, administering the survey, and 
analyzing and reporting the results.  Specific objectives are to 
identify the characteristics of high-quality surveys, describe the 
usefulness of surveys, and distinguish among types of survey 
instruments.  Reliability and validity are defined, and ways to 
interpret data from open-ended questions are discussed.  Other 
aspects of survey administration, including considerations of cost 
and efficiency, are discussed.  The following chapters are included: 
(1) "What Is a Survey? When Do You Use One?"; (2) "Sound Survey 
Design"; (3) "Reliable and Valid Survey Instruments"; and (4) 
"Reasonable Resources." An annotated list of 31 additional readings 
is provided.  (Contains 32 examples, 6 figures, and 1 table.) (SLD)
  Descriptors: Costs; *Data Collection; *Educational Research; 
Evaluation Methods; Evaluation Utilization; Questionnaires; 
Reliability; Research Design; *Research Methodology; *Surveys; *Test 
Construction; Validity
  Identifiers: Survey Research

  
  EJ480286  SO525237
  The Organizational Survey Process. General Steps and Practical 
Considerations.
  Edwards, Jack E.; Thomas, Marie D.
  American Behavioral Scientist, v36 n4 p419-42 Mar   1993
  ISSN: 0002-7642
  Document Type: PROJECT DESCRIPTION (141);  JOURNAL ARTICLE (080)
  Target Audience: Researchers
  Asserts that conducting an organizational survey efficiently and 
effectively requires detailed planning.  Provides an outline of the 
general steps common to organizational surveys but cautions that the 
process cannot be covered fully in a brief article.  Presents a five-
phase process and discusses common problems and pitfalls.  (CFR)
  Descriptors: Higher Education; Needs Assessment; Organizational 
Climate; *Organizational Effectiveness; *Organizations (Groups); 
Policy Formation; *Research Design; *Researchers; *Research 
Methodology; Research Problems; Research Skills; *Surveys

  
  ED360938  HE026677
  Student Satisfaction Surveys: Measurements and Utilization Issues. 
AIR 1993 Annual Forum Paper.
  Sanders, Liz; Chan, Susy
  May 1993
  20p.; Paper presented at the Annual Forum of the Association for 
Institutional Research (33rd, Chicago, IL, May 16-19, 1993).
  Document Type: PROJECT DESCRIPTION (141);  CONFERENCE PAPER (150)
  Target Audience: Administrators; Researchers; Practitioners
  Student satisfaction surveys assess satisfaction with various 
facets of the university and includes key sets of questions on 
programs and services, university learning and social environment, 
university mission and values, educational preparation, transfer 
intent, general satisfaction, attitudes toward coursework, and 
student demographic information.  Efforts at DePaul University 
(Illinois) in meeting student expectations of the educational 
experience are discussed including: (1) the methodology for 
successfully conducting student satisfaction surveys, (2) the 
implications of these surveys for institutional research, and (3) the 
strategies for maximizing the use of student satisfaction data.  
Specific topics discussed include DePaul University's experiences and 
efforts in survey development, sample selection, survey preparation 
and mailing, and data processing.  Areas for continued improvement in 
conducting and utilizing these types of surveys are also examined.  
(Contains five references.) (GLR)
  Descriptors: College Students; Data Analysis; Data Collection; 
Educational Environment; Higher Education; *Information Utilization; 
*Institutional Research; *Research Methodology; Student Attitudes; 
Student College Relationship; Student Educational Objectives; Student 
Needs; *Surveys
  Identifiers: *AIR Forum; Cooperative Institutional Research Program; 
*De Paul University IL; Diversity (Student); Total Quality Management

  
  ED358090  SP034575
  When "Do It Yourself" Does It Best: The Power of Teacher-Made 
Surveys and Tests.
  Dereshiwsky, Mary I.
  Apr 1993
  38p.; Paper presented at the Honors Week Symposium (Flagstaff, AZ, 
March 31-April 1, 1993).
  Document Type: CONFERENCE PAPER (150);  TEST, QUESTIONNAIRE (160); 
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION (141)
  Target Audience: Teachers; Practitioners
  Classroom teachers have the best possible vantage point for 
constructing locally appropriate surveys and tests; the fact is, 
however, that teachers tend to rely on nationally mass-produced and 
marketed test packages.  The purpose of this paper is to present a 
procedure for developing and refining teacher-made surveys and tests, 
which would be valid and reliable for meeting local needs.  First, a 
brief rationale is given for teachers producing their own 
instrumentation.  Next, an easy-to-apply process for developing and 
pilot-testing one's surveys and tests is presented, a process that 
requires no computers or statistics, but rather depends on open 
sharing, discussion, and communication with colleagues.  To 
illustrate these procedures, an actual example of a survey used to 
evaluate the 1992 Arizona Leadership Academy is provided.  Four 
figures are included.  Figures 1 and 2 graphically depict factors to 
consider in designing locally appropriate instrumentation, and show 
various perspectives of "expert judges" in the instrumentation pilot-
test process.  Figures 3 and 4 consist, respectively, of a sample 
general pilot-test matrix and a pilot-test matrix of expert judges' 
comments from the 1992 Arizona Leadership Academy Evaluation.  
Appendices provide a draft of a cover letter to be mailed to pilot-
test judges, an initial survey draft, pilot judges' comment sheet, 
and a final (post-pilot) survey draft.  (Contains 20 references.)(LL)
  Descriptors: Elementary Secondary Education; Evaluation Criteria; 
Evaluation Methods; Evaluators; Interprofessional Relationship; *Peer 
Evaluation; *Pilot Projects; *Surveys; Teacher Attitudes; *Teacher 
Made Tests; *Test Construction; Test Reliability; *Test Reviews; Test 
Validity
  Identifiers: Commercially Prepared Materials; Northern Arizona Univ 
Center Excellence in Educ


 ED350915  HE025892
  Questionnaire Survey Research: What Works. Resources for 
Institutional Research, Number Six.
  Suskie, Linda A.
  Association for Institutional Research.  1992
  111p.; For a related book, see HE 025 891.
  Available From: Association for Institutional Research, 314 Stone 
Building, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-3038 ($9.95 
prepaid).
  Document Type: REVIEW LITERATURE (070)
  Target Audience: Researchers
  This monograph for institutional researchers on questionnaire 
survey research aims to be both a guide to the basic steps of survey 
research and a useful reference tool.  The monograph is in an 
informal, question and answer format and organized around the various 
steps of the survey research process.  Chapter I discusses planning 
the survey including determining the purpose of the study, collecting 
background information, designing the survey, and making a time line 
for completing the project.  Chapter II introduces questionnaire 
design by discussing the pros and cons of various question formats.  
Chapter III offers guidance on developing the questionnaire itself in 
discussions of ways to maximize the response rate and establish 
validity and reliability.  Chapters IV and V deal with the mechanics 
of conducting a survey including preparing a cover letter, pilot 
testing, and making follow-up mailings as well as preparing the 
returned surveys for data processing.  Chapter VI summarizes 
statistical principles as a guide to choosing the most appropriate 
statistical analysis.  Chapter VII discusses reporting the survey 
results.  Sample questionnaires are appended.  A bibliography lists 
65 sources grouped by topic.  (JB)
  Descriptors: Data Collection; Higher Education; *Institutional 
Research; *Questionnaires; Research Design; *Research Methodology; 
Response Rates (Questionnaires); Scoring; *Surveys


  ED326488  SP032657
  Using Questionnaires in Small-Scale Research. A Teachers' Guide.
  Munn, Pamela; Drever, Eric
  Scottish Council for Research in Education.  1990
  75p.
  Available From: Scottish Council for Research in Education, 15 St. 
John Street, Edinburgh, EH8 8JR, Scotland, United Kingdom.
  Document Type: NON-CLASSROOM MATERIAL (055)
  Target Audience: Teachers; Students; Practitioners
  This guide provides practical advice, based on research expertise, 
for teachers looking for reliable research results without waste of 
time or effort.  The six sections of the guide present and discuss 
the decisions and actions that have to be taken to get good results: 
(1) the pros and cons of collecting information by questionnaire; (2) 
sampling; (3) drafting the questions and producing the design and 
layout; (4) piloting and administering the questionnaire; (5) 
analysing data; and (6) interpreting, presenting, and using the 
results.  (JD)
  Descriptors: Action Research; Data Collection; Elementary Secondary 
Education; *Evaluation Methods; Foreign Countries; Higher Education; 
*Questionnaires; *Researchers; *Research Methodology; *Teacher 
Participation

  
  ED325513  TM015751
  Improving the Quality of Questionnaires: A Tool for Evaluators.
  Boser, Judith A.; Clark, Sheldon B.
  Oct 1990
  27p.; Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American 
Evaluation Association (Washington, DC, October 18-20, 1990).
  Document Type: RESEARCH REPORT (143);  CONFERENCE PAPER (150);  
TEST, QUESTIONNAIRE (160)
  A checklist of characteristics of effective mail questionnaires was 
developed that reflects some degree of consensus among experts in 
survey research and that can serve as a guide to novices designing a 
questionnaire.  Journal and book sources of information about mail 
questionnaires were reviewed to yield 83 items in 7 categories that 
comprised the study survey.  The survey was mailed to six authors of 
books on survey research and six experienced practitioners of survey 
research.  Only one author failed to reply; the response rate was 92%.  
Detailed background information was provided by 10 of the 11 
individuals who participated in this phase of the study.  Eight of 
the 83 items were judged desirable for all mail questionnaires, 
possibly because of a lack of clarity in the instrument.  A revised 
instrument was submitted to a validation panel of 10 individuals 
experienced in survey research as well as to 8 of the original 11 
participants.  Of the 64 items that a majority of the participants in 
the first phase of the study would usually recommend, 38 were 
supported by the validation panel, with 80% or higher indicating that 
they also would usually make the recommendation.  The attached "Check 
List of Desirable Characteristics of Mail Surveys" is a compilation 
of the items usually recommended by at least 87.5% of the first group 
of experts and 80% of the validation panel.  These results indicate 
that questionnaire design may be a science up to a certain point, but 
beyond that point it is an art.  A bibliography of the 21 journal and 
book sources that were reviewed is provided.  The survey instrument 
used in this study is included.  (SLD)
  Descriptors: Authors; *Check Lists; Evaluation Methods; *Evaluators; 
Literature Reviews; *Mail Surveys; *Questionnaires; Research Design; 
*Researchers; *Research Methodology; Test Construction; Test 
Reliability
  Identifiers: *Check List Desirable Characteristics Mail Surveys; 
Experts

  
  ED302922  EA020603
  Conducting a Survey: The Dollars and Sense of It.
  Boser, Judith A.
  Nov 1988
  14p.; Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Mid-South 
Educational Resarch Association (17th, Louisville, KY, November 8-11, 
1988).
  Document Type: CONFERENCE PAPER (150);  NON-CLASSROOM MATERIAL(055)
  This paper helps researchers develop criteria for conducting 
surveys.  Cost considerations frame the paper's suggestions.  
Specifically, the text advises that researchers consider the human 
and material resources needed, type of survey instrument, medium for 
conducting the survey (mail, telephone, personal interview, etc.), 
data analysis methodology, and report organization.  (JAM)
  Descriptors: *Costs; *Data Analysis; Educational Assessment; 
*Evaluation Methods; *Research Design; *Sampling; *Surveys

 
  EJ398479  TM514671
  Survey Research and Social Policy.
  Wright, James D.
  Evaluation Review, v12 n6 p595-606 Dec   1988
  Document Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE (080);  REVIEW LITERATURE (070);  
EVALUATIVE REPORT (142);  CONFERENCE PAPER (150)
  The historical linkages between the evolution of the survey 
research method and applied social research is reviewed.  It is 
argued that most or all of the elements of the modern survey were 
developed in response to immediate, practical (as opposed to 
academic) concerns.  (TJH)
  Descriptors: *History; Literature Reviews; *Methods Research; 
*Public Policy; *Research Methodology; *Social Science Research; 
Statistical Surveys; *Surveys

  
  ED319115  EA021792
  Basic Project Management Methodologies for Survey Researchers.
  Beach, Robert H.
  Aug 1988
  29p.; Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Council 
of Professors of Educational Administration (Kalamazoo, MI, August 
1988). Contains occasional faint type.
  Document Type: CONFERENCE PAPER (150);  REVIEW LITERATURE (070)
  Target Audience: Researchers
  To be effective, project management requires a heavy dependence on 
the document, list, and computational capability of a computerized 
environment.  Now that microcomputers are readily available, only the 
rediscovery of classic project management methodology is required for 
improved resource allocation in small research projects.  This paper 
provides an overview of project management, its associated tools, and 
the key literature in the field.  The term "project" refers to the 
organization doing the work, dedicated to completing a single task 
within a specific time frame.  The overall project task is 
differentiated from a routine task by virtue of its: (1) requiring an 
unusually rapid completion time; (2) meeting very tight cost 
constraints; and (3) need to dispel considerable initial uncertainty 
among project personnel regarding completion methods.  These three 
criteria underline the project's finite nature and emphasize the 
exaggerated concern for maintaining schedules and costs.  Accompanied 
by numerous illustrations, project management concepts such as 
preplanning, project control, work breakdown structure, graphic 
management procedures, and project scheduling are thoroughly 
discussed.  Because certain evaluation tools can assume a reality of 
their own, management intervention may be needed to complete tasks on 
schedule.  The justification for using project management tools may 
be found in improved grant management.  (11 references) (MLH)
  Descriptors: *Computer Uses in Education; Elementary Secondary 
Education; *Microcomputers; *Research Methodology; *Social Science 
Research; *Surveys
  Identifiers: *Project Management

  
  ED287879  TM870629
  The Use of Mail Questionnaires as a Method of Data Collection.
  Galpin, Tim
  Sep 1987
  13p.
  Document Type: REVIEW LITERATURE (070)
  This brief review of research examines the mail questionnaire as a 
research tool.  Major topics reported are the advantages and 
disadvantages of mail surveys response rates, and questionnaire 
construction.  Among the advantages reported are ease of distribution 
and tabulation, the possibility of a large sample and geographic 
range, low cost, uniformity of questions, convenience of response, 
and reduction of bias.  Among the disadvantages are impersonal 
feelings, possible low rate of response, inability to interact with 
respondents, and lack of assurance as to the actual respondent.  
Strategies for increasing response rate are identified.  Personalized 
correspondence, pre-contact letters, special delivery mailing, and 
emphasis on benefit to the respondent tend to increase response rates.  
Design of the questionnaire, clarity of instructions, simplicity of 
response, and quality of cover letter are considered to be important.  
A pilot test of the questionnaire to detect possible problems is 
recommended.  (MDE)
  Descriptors: Data Collection; Questioning Techniques; 
*Questionnaires; *Research Methodology; Research Problems; Response 
Style (Tests); *Surveys; Test Construction
  Identifiers: *Mail Surveys; *Response Rates (Questionnaires)


  EJ346458  TM511606
  Designing Evaluation Studies: A Twenty-Year Perspective.
  Benson, Jeri; Michael, William B.
  International Journal of Educational Research, v11 n1 p43-56 
  1987
  Theme issue with title "Educational Evaluation: The State of the 
Field."
  Document Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE (080);  PROJECT DESCRIPTION (141)
  The purposes of evaluation design are stated.  A description of 
experimental, quasi-experimental, survey, and naturalistic designs is 
presented.  Emphasis is placed upon the identification of sources of 
invalidity in these designs that may compromise the accuracy of 
inferences regarding program effectiveness.  (Author/JAZ)
  Descriptors: *Educational Assessment; Elementary Secondary 
Education; *Evaluation Methods; *Naturalistic Observation; 
*Quasiexperimental Design; Questionnaires; *Research Design; *Surveys; 
Validity

  
  ED274675  TM860532
  Everything They Ever Wanted to Know: Gathering Information for 
Public School Decision Makers.
  Jackson, Elaine E.
  Austin Independent School District, Tex. Office of Research and 
Evaluation.  Apr 1986
  15p.; Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American 
Educational Research Association (67th, San Francisco, CA, April 16-
20, 1986). Some appendices contain small print.
  Document Type: CONFERENCE PAPER (150);  PROJECT DESCRIPTION (141); 
 TEST, QUESTIONNAIRE (160)
  Target Audience: Researchers
  The Austin (Texas) Independent School District's Office of Research 
and Evaluation revised its surveying procedures in 1982.  To reduce 
the demands on teachers and administrators, various surveys were 
consolidated and administered on a regular basis.  Teachers and 
administrators were surveyed every fall and spring, high school 
students in winter, and parents and graduates occasionally.  
Computers were used to sample subgroups and compile questionnaire 
items for each respondent.  The information needs of administrators, 
the superintendent, and board members were solicited.  Results were 
delivered on a computerized printout, and responses were positive.  
Procedures for producing answer sheets and coding the data were 
improved.  It was also possible to quickly compile information needed 
for administrative planning.  Items from the teacher survey and some 
copies of the Questions for Students questionnaire are appended. (GDC)
  Descriptors: *Data Collection; Educational Research; Elementary 
Secondary Education; Information Dissemination; *Information Needs; 
Participant Satisfaction; Program Improvement; Public Schools; 
*Questionnaires; *Research Methodology; *School Surveys; *Surveys
  Identifiers: Austin Independent School District TX


  EJ302116  TM508928
  Improving Mailed Questionnaire Design.
  New Directions for Program Evaluation, n21 p33-47 Mar 
  1984
  Theme issue with title "Making Effective Use of Mailed 
Questionnaires."  
  Document Type: NON-CLASSROOM MATERIAL (055);  POSITION PAPER (120)
  Target Audience: Sudman, Seymour; Bradburn, Norman
  Situations in which mailed questionnaires are most appropriate are 
identified.  Population variables, characteristics of questionnaires, 
and social desirability variables are examined in depth.  (Author)
  Descriptors: Attitude Measures; *Evaluation Methods; Program 
Evaluation; Research Methodology; Sampling; *Surveys; Test Format; 
Test Length
  Identifiers: *Mail Surveys; Response Rates (Questionnaires); Social 
Desirability; Target Populations

  
  EJ302712  EA517825
  Development of a School-Level Environment Questionnaire.
  Rentoul, A. John; Fraser, Barry J.
  Journal of Educational Administration, v21 n1 p21-39 Win 
  1983
  Document Type: RESEARCH REPORT (143)
  Target Audience: Researchers
  Describes the development of a questionnaire that measures 
teachers' perceptions of eight aspects of a school environment.  
Discusses the theory base and predecessors of this instrument, the 
criteria and process used to develop it, its validation, and its 
application so far.  The 56 questionnaire items are appended.  (MCG)
  Descriptors: *Educational Environment; Elementary Secondary 
Education; Factor Analysis; Models; *Questionnaires; Rating Scales; 
*Research Methodology; Teachers; Test Validity
  Identifiers: *School Level Environment Questionnaire

  
  ED236246  TM830773
  Designing and Utilizing Mail Questionnaires in Educational 
Research. Monograph Series 83.1.
  Humphries, James T.
  Southern Illinois Univ., Carbondale. Dept. of Vocational Education 
Studies.  May 1983
  44p.
  Available From: Publication and Research Office for Vocational 
Education, Dept. of Vocational Education Studies, Southern Illinois 
University, Carbondale, IL 62901 ($3.50).
  Document Type: NON-CLASSROOM MATERIAL (055)
  Target Audience: Researchers
  The purpose of this monograph is twofold: (1) to describe the 
advantages and disadvantages of mail questionnaires as survey 
research instruments, and (2) to provide guidelines for constructing 
and utilizing mail questionnaires with a view to maximizing response 
rates and minimizing response biases.  Construction of an effective 
mail questionnaire is a great challenge.  The instrument must not 
only have well-designed questions; it must also have a format which 
encourages respondents to complete it.  Pilot testing of 
questionnaires is necessary to assure effective instruments.  Cover 
letters, introducing the researchers and the purpose of the study to 
the respondents, should be brief and to the point.  Non-response to 
questionnaires can be dealt with through follow-ups, advance 
notification, postage, and monetary incentives.  Insofar as possible, 
these recommendations for design and use of mail questionnaires are 
based on empirical data.  (Tabular summaries of research findings are 
appended.) (BW)
  Descriptors: Field Tests; Letters (Correspondence); Questioning 
Techniques; *Questionnaires; Rating Scales; Responses; Surveys; *Test 
Construction; Test Format; Test Items
  Identifiers: *Mail Questionnaires; Mail Surveys; Response Rates 
(Questionnaires)

  
  ED234659  HE016554
  Surveying Your Alumni: Guidelines and 22 Sample Questionnaires.
  McKenna, Barbara, Comp.
  Council for Advancement and Support of Education, Washington, D.C.
  [1983
  171p.
  Available From: Council for Advancement and Support of Education, 
11 Dupont Circle, Suite 400, Washington, DC 20036.
  Document Type: NON-CLASSROOM MATERIAL (055);  TEST, QUESTIONNAIRE 
(160)
  Target Audience: Researchers; Support Staff; Practitioners
  A guide for conducting alumni surveys is presented, including 22 
sample questionnaires.  The first section on planning an effective 
survey strategy includes the following five articles: "Let's Take a 
Survey" (Cletis Pride); "Surveying Your Alumni: Or an Unexamined 
College Is Not Worth Loving" (Jocelyn Bartkevicius); "Make Your 
Survey Scientific" (James H. Frey); "The Postman Rings Thrice: How to 
Survey Your Alumni through the Mail" (H.  Martin Moore); and "Let 
Your Fingers Do the Walking: The Nine Steps of Surveying Alumni via 
Telephone" (Robert D. Mills).  Seven biographical questionnaire 
samples and 16 opinion questionnaire samples are provided, along with 
a selection of cover letters and followup correspondence.  Finally, 
three articles are provided that address the challenge of presenting 
the survey results: "CSPP Alumni: Where Are They Now?" (Special 
Report, California School of Professional Psychology); "Who Are the 
Alumni" (Elise Hancock in "Johns Hopkins Magazine"); and "The 
Shockley Report" (in "Vanderbilt Alumnus").  Specific topics 
addressed in the guide include: the problems with many alumni 
surveys; using standard scientific sampling and research procedures; 
a time-table for planning mail surveys, and a comparison of face-to-
face, mail, and telephone surveys.  (SW)
  Descriptors: *Alumni; *Attitude Measures; *Biographical Inventories; 
College Graduates; *Graduate Surveys; Higher Education; Institutional 
Research; *Questionnaires; *Research Methodology

  
  ED230587  TM830361
  The Development of a Parent Attitudinal Questionnaire As a Measure 
of School Success.
  Matthews, Doris B.; Casteel, Jim Frank
  [1983
  27p.
  Document Type: RESEARCH REPORT (143);  TEST, QUESTIONNAIRE (160)
  Target Audience: Practitioners
  The School District Questionnaire described in this paper evolved 
from the Orangeburg (North Carolina) School District's plans to 
implement programs for improvement.  The content-based questionnaire, 
which provides the school district with specific attitudinal feedback 
from parents, can be used for both pre- and posttesting following 
implementation of planned changes.  It was developed by an evaluation 
team composed of curriculum specialists, test construction experts, 
and the district superintendent, with suggestions from parents, 
teachers, and school board members.  The initial version of the 
questionnaire consisted of 55 negative and positive statements that 
were designed to elicit responses about parents' ideas of the ideal 
school system.  A Likert scale of five follows each statement.  
Teacher reviews, pilot testing, and subsequent revisions of the 
instrument reduced the number of items to 51 in the final version.  
The initial version of the questionnaire, instructions to teachers 
involved in content validation, instructions to parents involved in 
pilot testing, and the final version of the instrument are attached 
as Appendices A through D. (LC)
  Descriptors: *Attitude Measures; Educational Improvement; 
Elementary Secondary Education; *Parent Attitudes; *Questionnaires; 
*School Districts; *School Effectiveness; *Test Construction; Test 
Validity
  Identifiers: Likert Scales; *School District Questionnaire

  
  ED222538  TM820690
  A Guide to Survey Development: Manual on Writing a Survey.
  Stacey, Susan E.; Moyer, Kerry L.
  Pennsylvania State Dept. of Education, Harrisburg. Div. of Research 
and Evaluation.  1982
  28p.
  Document Type: NON-CLASSROOM MATERIAL (055)
  Target Audience: Practitioners
  This handbook was developed for use by individuals with limited 
experience in performing good survey-based research.  The essential 
procedures in the preparation of a survey are outlined and discussed.  
The method of survey construction proposed consists of several tasks: 
(1) survey objectives and research questions are specified; (2) 
literature is reviewed and abstract concepts are defined; (3) 
question formats and type of statistical analysis are selected; (4) 
survey items are written and arranged in order; (5) physical 
appearance of the questionnaire is adjusted; (6) cover letter and 
instructions are prepared; and, finally, (7) the survey is validated.  
Examples illustrate the method for properly completing each 
procedure, and a summary checklist is provided to evaluate the survey 
to be used.  A sample self-evaluation form for survey development 
completes the information in the manual.  (DWH)
  Descriptors: Data Collection; Elementary Secondary Education; 
Evaluation Methods; Guidelines; *Research Methodology; *Surveys; 
*Test Construction; Test Format; Test Items
  Identifiers: Pennsylvania Department of Education

  
  ED279726  TM870175
  Validity and Reliability in Survey Research. Technical Report No. 
15.
  Russ-Eft, Darlene F.
  American Institutes for Research in the Behavioral Sciences. Palo 
Alto, CA. Statistical Analysis Group in Education.  Aug 1980
  143p.
  Sponsoring Agency: National Center for Education Statistics (ED), 
Washington, DC.
  Document Type: PROJECT DESCRIPTION (141);  BIBLIOGRAPHY (131)
  With increasing reliance being placed on the results of their 
surveys, the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) 
recognized a need for these survey results to be valid and reliable.  
As part of the work of the Statistical Analysis Group in Education 
(SAGE), an effort was undertaken to investigate validity and 
reliability in survey research.  This document is the result of that 
effort.  The first section provides an overview of the concepts of 
reliability and validity.  Procedures for measuring sources of error 
are suggested.  Several ways of approaching validity are mentioned 
including content validity, criterion-related validity, and construct 
validity.  The second section presents some suggestions for approving 
the reliability and validity of survey data, with a focus on the data 
collection phase.  These suggestions are based upon previous data 
collection experiences of the staff of SAGE.  The final section, 
encompassing 106 pages, provides an annotated bibliography of 
selected materials relevant to validity and reliability in survey 
research.  (JAZ)
  Descriptors: Concurrent Validity; Construct Validity; Content 
Validity; Data Collection; Educational Research; Questionnaires; 
*Research Design; *Research Methodology; Research Problems; *Surveys; 
*Test Reliability; *Test Validity
  Identifiers: Internal Consistency; *Test Retest Reliability

  
  ED224130  EA015216
  Survey/Feedback. Basic School PR Guide.
  Banach, William J.
  National School Public Relations Association, Arlington, Va.
  1980
  36p.; One in a series of eight Guides which comprise the Basic 
School PR Kit. For related documents, see EA 015 213-220.
  Available From: Publications, National School Public Relations 
Association, 1801 North Moore Street, Arlington, VA 22209 ($7.50 
each; $37.50 for set of eight).
  Document Type: NON-CLASSROOM MATERIAL (055)
  Target Audience: Practitioners
  To help improve school public relations programs, this handbook 
tells how to use survey and feedback techniques and how to interpret 
survey results.  The first chapter gives a brief overview of the 
usefulness of surveys for getting community feedback.  Chapter 2 
recommends beginning by deciding what one wants to know from a 
survey, what human and financial resources will be needed, and what 
the survey's timeline should be.  Chapter 3 discusses deciding whom 
to interview and describes drawing a sample based on statistical 
confidence levels and using various sample-selection techniques.  The 
advantages and disadvantages of personal interviews, mail surveys, 
and telephone surveys are enumerated in chapter 4, while chapter 5 
discusses whether to use survey questions with multiple-choice, 
closed-response, dichotomous, preference, ranking, or rating-scale 
answers.  Chapter 6 recommends using volunteers to conduct surveys.  
Analyzing, interpreting, and reporting survey results are addressed 
in chapter 7. Thirteen other ways besides surveys to get feedback are 
suggested in chapter 8, including speakers' bureaus, suggestion 
boxes, and student rap sessions.  The final chapter briefly 
summarizes the handbook.  Three appendices provide a table of 
appropriate sample sizes and a sample questionnaire and tell how to 
draw a survey sample.  (RW)
  Descriptors: *Community Surveys; Data Analysis; Elementary 
Secondary Education; Guidelines; Interviews; *Public Opinion; Public 
Relations; Questionnaires; *Research Methodology; Research Needs; 
Sampling; School Attitudes; School Community Relationship; School 
Surveys
  Identifiers: Telephone Surveys

  
  ED236204  TM830713
  Questionnaires: Their Development and Use.
  Long, Susan; Cognetta, Randall A.
  San Mateo County Office of Education, Redwood City, CA.
  Sep 1978
  64p.; Attached Needs Assessment Questionnaire contains small print.
  Available From: San Mateo County Office of Education, 333 Main St., 
Redwood City, CA 94063 ($3.00).
  Document Type: NON-CLASSROOM MATERIAL (055)
  Target Audience: Administrators; Practitioners
  After a brief introduction and discussion of the advantages and 
disadvantages of questionnaires, this publication explains how to 
develop a questionnaire.  Each of the five parts of a questionnaire 
(heading, procedural statements, items, comment space, and procedures 
for return) are discussed, with concrete examples.  Guidelines for 
pre-test/tryout are presented.  The importance of the cover letter 
and methods for the distribution of questionnaires are discussed.  
The final section addresses the compilation and analysis of the 
responses.  The appendix includes examples of entire questionnaires. (BW)
  Descriptors: Data Analysis; *Data Collection; Field Tests; 
*Questionnaires; *Test Construction; Test Items; *Test Use

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